Rapid adaptation to microgravity in mammalian macrophage cells.

Despite the observed serious effects of microgravity on mammalian cells, many astronauts have completed long-term stays in space without experiencing serious health problems. This raises questions about cell capacity of adaptation to a new gravitational environment. The International Space Station (ISS) experience Triple Lum A, carried out in the BioLab laboratory of the Iss Columbus module, allowed for the first time the direct measurement of a cellular function in real time and on orbit. We measured the oxidizing burst reaction in mammal macrophages (Rat NR8383 alveolar macrophages) exposed to a centrifuge system of 0 g and 1 g of internal commands and increase the stage and decrease of gravitational force.

In four independent experiments. Surprisingly, we found that these macrophages are adapted to microgravity ultra-fast in seconds, after an immediate inhibitor effect on the oxidizing burst reaction. For the first time, we have provided direct evidence of cell sensitivity to gravity, thanks to real-time measurements on orbits and using an experimental system, in which all factors except the severity were constant. The surprisingly ultra-fast adaptation to microgravity indicates that mammal macrophages are equipped with a very effective adaptation potential to a weak gravity environment. This opens up new avenues for exploring the adaptation of mammalian cells to gravitational changes.

Knowledge of analyte stability is crucial for interpreting biological analysis with confidence. However, centrifugation before transport takes time, and the transfer of plasma or serum of a primary tube to a secondary tube increases the risk of preanalytical errors. For stable analytes in total blood for 24 hours or more, it seems that there is no advantage to centrifuge before transport.

Cytocentrifuge Veterinary cytology preparation: a fast, simple and affordable manual method for concentrating low cellular fluids.

The smears prepared by cytocentrifugation, the so-called cytospins, are widely used in human and veterinary cytology. However, the high cost has hindered the availability of commercial cytospinal centrifuges in some veterinary clinics and laboratories. Nevertheless, cytospines are important for assessing fluids with very low cellularity such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or bronchoalvolar washing fluid (BALF). Twenty-two fluid samples (including CSF and BALF) were collected from dogs and cats. These have been treated in a conventional cytocentrifuge and in an internal manual centrifuge (spinner with salad). The cytospines obtained by the 2 methods were compared by marking the cellularity, the number of cells per field, the hemodilution, the preservation of the cells and the proportion of broken cells.

In addition, the number of cells and the size have been compared by morphometry. The differences between the automated and manual method have been statistically evaluated. Manual cytocentrifuge has produced cytospines with similar cell efficiency as an automated cytocentrifuge. Considering low cost and low portability, this new method should be particularly useful for cytological diagnosis in small clinics, developing countries and field studies.

Prevalence of pre-analytical errors in clinical chemistry diagnostic laboratories in the city of Sulaimani of Iraqi Kurdistan.

Laboratory tests are roughly divided into three phases: a pre-analytical phase, a phase of analysis and a post-analytical phase. Most analytical errors have been assigned to the analytical phase. However, recent studies have shown that up to 70% of analytical errors reflect the pre-analytical phase. The pre-analytical phase includes all processes from the moment when a laboratory application is made by a doctor until the specimen is analyzed in the laboratory. As a general rule, the pre-analytical phase includes the preparation of the patient, the transport of samples, the collection and storage of the samples. In this study, we report the first complete assessment of the frequency and types of pre-analytical errors during the Sulaimani diagnostic laboratories of Iraqi Kurdistan.

Over 2 months, 5,500 venous blood samples were observed in 10 public diagnostic laboratories in the city of Sulaimani. The percentages of rejected samples and types of inadequacy of the sample were evaluated. The percentage of each of the following pre-analytic errors has been recorded: delay in the transport of samples, coagulated samples, exhaled reagents, hemolysis samples, samples not on the ice, identification of incorrect samples, insufficient sample, tube broken in the centrifuge, query procedure errors, Mix-UPS sample, communication conflicts, misinterpreted controls, labiamic samples, contaminated samples and missed doctor’s application orders. The difference between the relative frequencies of errors observed in the hospitals considered has been tested using a proportional Z test. In particular, the survey was intended to determine whether analytical errors were recorded and examine the types of platforms used in selected diagnostic laboratories.

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Over 2 months, 5,500 venous blood samples were observed in 10 public diagnostic laboratories in the city of Sulaimani. The percentages of rejected samples and types of inadequacy of the sample were evaluated. The percentage of each of the following pre-analytic errors has been recorded: delay in the transport of samples, coagulated samples, exhaled reagents, hemolysis samples, samples not on the ice, identification of incorrect samples, insufficient sample, tube broken in the centrifuge, query procedure errors, Mix-UPS sample, communication conflicts, misinterpreted controls, labiamic samples, contaminated samples and missed doctor’s application orders. The difference between the relative frequencies of errors observed in the hospitals considered has been tested using a proportional Z test. In particular, the survey was intended to determine whether analytical errors were recorded and examine the types of platforms used in selected diagnostic laboratories.